Kimwe mu byiza byo kugaburira byanditswe kuri karnel ya Linux bifatwa nkibidukikije bitandukanye. Ibishishwa byinshi byiteguye byateguwe nibigo bitandukanye, bikarishye munsi ya buri tsinda ryabakoresha no gukora imirimo imwe. Mu rubuga rwinshi, kimwe muri ibyorezo kimaze gushyirwaho, ariko benshi bifuza kugerageza ikintu gishya cyangwa cyatakaye mugihe bahitamo inteko hamwe nibidukikije bya desktop. Uyu munsi turashaka kuvuga kubyerekeye ibishishwa bikunzwe cyane, byazamuye ibintu byingenzi.
Gnome.
Mbere ya byose, birakwiye kuvuga ibya Gnome - kimwe mubisubizo bizwi cyane byo kugabura byinshi, nka Debian cyangwa Ubuntu. Ahari ikintu nyamukuru kiranga iyi shell uyumunsi nuburyo bwo kuyobora cyane kubikoresho byumva. Ariko, ibi ntibihagarika kuba intera nyamukuru nayo ikorwa kurwego rwo hejuru, bifatwa nkibyiza kandi byoroshye. Ubu umuyobozi usanzwe umuyobozi ni nautilus, aguha kugirango agere kuri dosiye, amajwi, amashusho n'amashusho.
Mubikorwa bisanzwe muri Gnome hari emulator yigana, umwanditsi wa Gedit, umukoresha wurubuga (Epiphany). Byongeye kandi, hari gahunda yo kugenzura imeri, umukinnyi wa Multimediya, uburyo bwo kureba amashusho hamwe nigikoresho cyibishushanyo mbonera byubuyobozi. Naho ibibi byibidukikije byibidukikije, muribo urashobora kwandika ko ari ngombwa kwinjizamo ikintu cyinyongera cya Tweak wateye kugirango ushireho isura, kimwe na Ram nyinshi.
Kde.
KDE ntabwo ari ibidukikije gusa, ariko urutonde rwibiciro byinshi aho shell yitwa plasma. KDE irasobanutse neza igisubizo cyihariye kandi cyoroshye kizagirira akamaro abakoresha muburyo butandukanye. Fata nk'urugero rw'ibice bimwe, aho tuvuga kare, - we, kimwe n'ibindi bisasu, hashyizweho ikindi gishishwa cyo gushiraho isura. Mu gisubizo kirimo gusuzumwa, ibintu byose ukeneye bimaze kubaho muri menu "Sisitemu Patrimeter". Hariho kandi gukuramo no kwishyiriraho widgets, wallpaper hamwe nutuva mu idirishya, bitabanje gutangiza mushakisha y'urubuga.
Hamwe na kde, ubona porogaramu nkuru ya software, kandi bimwe muribi byakwirakwijwe gusa kuri iki gishishwa kandi ntigitaboneka mubandi, kurugero, umukiriya wa KTorrent cyangwa umwanditsi wa videwo ya KDENLIVE. Ibi bintu nkibi bikunze gukina imwe mu nshingano zingenzi muguhitamo. Jus wifuza kubona ibintu byose bikenewe kandi byagenze neza nyuma yo kwishyiriraho, turagusaba cyane ko umenyera ubu buryo. Ariko, ntabwo byari bifite uduce. Kurugero, ibishishwa bihuye kwisi ni ugukoresha cyane umutungo wa sisitemu nibigoye mugucunga ibipimo bimwe na bimwe kubakoresha Novice. Kuri opensuse na kubuntu kde platforms, Mburabuzi ihita yitegura imikorere yuzuye.
Lxde
Ibisubizo bibiri byabanje kuryamiye byintama nyinshi kandi bisaba ko utunganya, kuko hariho ingaruka nyinshi zitandukanye na animasiyo. Ibidukikije bya LXDE byibanze gusa kurwego rwo hasi rwa sisitemu kandi ugashyirwaho nkibisanzwe mumateraniro azwi cyane ya Lubuntu. Igikonoshwa gikora ukurikije ihame rya modular, aho buri kintu kigize cyigenga kandi gishobora gukora neza. Ibi byongeshe uburyo bwo kwerekana ibikoresho bitandukanye. Muburyo bwo gukoresha sisitemu yo gukora: LXDE ishyigikiwe na hafi ya yose yaganzwe.
Mu gushyirwaho hamwe nigikonoshwa, urutonde rwibisanzwe ni urutonde rwa emulator, idirishya na dosiye, umukinnyi winyandiko, umukinnyi winyandiko, umukinnyi wibanze hamwe nibikoresho bitandukanye byo gushyiraho sisitemu. Kubijyanye no kugenzura, ndetse numukoresha wa Novice uzabimenya byoroshye, ariko isura ya LXDE isa nkaho idashimishije. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, birakwiye gusobanukirwa ko icyemezo nk'iki cyafatiwe mugutegura umuvuduko ntarengwa.
Xfce.
Gutangira ingingo yibishushanyo mbonera ibishishwa, ntibishoboka ko tutaranga xfce. Ba nyiri manjaro linux ishingiye kuri ochnabux, muburyo busanzwe, wakire iki gisubizo. Kimwe n'ibidukikije byakorewe ibikorwa, Xfce yibanze ku muvuduko mwinshi no koroshya ikoreshwa. Ariko, muriki gihe, isura yakozwe neza kandi nkabakoresha benshi. Byongeye kandi, xfce ntabwo ifite ibibazo byo guhuza kumiterere ishaje itunganya, bizemerera gukoresha igikonoshwa kubikoresho byose.
Ibice byose bikora, nkibikoresho bya sisitemu, bikozwe nkibisabwa bitandukanye, ni ukuvuga sisitemu ya modular ishyirwa mubikorwa hano. Ubu buryo bugufasha guhinduka gushiraho igikonoshwa ubwacyo, guhindura buri gikoresho ukundi. Nko mubindi bisubizo, Xfce yakusanyije software nibikoresho bisanzwe nibikoresho, nkumuyobozi ushinzwe isomo, umuyobozi wa Igenamiterere, Gushakisha Porogaramu, Umuyobozi w'ingufu. Muri software yinyongera hari ikirangaminsi, umukinnyi wa videwo namajwi, umwanditsi wanditse hamwe nigikoresho cya disiki. Ahari ibisubizo byingenzi byingenzi byibidukikije ni umubare muto wibice bisanzwe bitandukanye nibindi bisubizo.
Uwo mwashakanye.
Uwo mwashakanye yabaye ishami ryo muri GNOME 2, ubu ritagishyigikiwe kandi kode yabo yatunganijwe neza. Ibintu byinshi bishya byongewe kandi isura yarahindutse. Abaterankunga ba shell bashimangiye abakoresha bashya, bagerageza koroshya kugenzura muri desktop ibidukikije. Kubwibyo, mugenzi wawe arashobora gufatwa kimwe mubikonoshwa byoroshye. Mburabuzi, ibidukikije byashizweho gusa muburyo budasanzwe bwumugabo, kandi rimwe na rimwe bibaho kubandi banditsi ba sisitemu yo gukora. Ihitamo rivugwa kandi ryerekeza ku isasu ryoroshye ridakoresha ibikoresho byinshi bya sisitemu.
Urutonde rwibisabwa ni urwego, kandi nkishingiro ryibikoresho kuri gnome imwe 2. Ariko, ibikoresho bimwe bishyirwa mubikorwa muburyo bwa fork: Kode zimwe zashyizwe mubikorwa: Kode zimwe zinkunga ifunguye yafashwe kandi ihinduka gato nabashinzwe kurema Ibidukikije. Uzwi rero mubyatanzwe na Gedit kuri mugenzi wawe yitwa Pluma kandi arimo itandukaniro. Ubu buryo buciriritse buracyari murwego rwiterambere, ibishya bisohoka kenshi, amakosa ahita akosorwa, kandi imikorere iraguka gusa.
Cinnamon
Abakoresha bahitamo linux kugirango basimbuze Windows akenshi bahura namafaranga yo guhitamo ntabwo ari urubuga rwambere rwo kumenyera, ariko nanone igikonoshwa cyiza. Cinnamon akenshi ivugwa, kubera ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo risa na Witov Ibidukikije bya desktop kandi bizwi byoroshye kubakoresha bashya. Ku ikubitiro, gusa linux mint yonyine yatanzwe kuri ibi bidukikije, ariko rero byaraboneka kumugaragaro none bihujwe no kugaburira byinshi. Cinnamon ikubiyemo ibintu bitandukanye bifatika, amadirishya amwe, panel, isura yumuyobozi nibindi bipimo byinyongera.
Igice kinini cya porogaramu zisanzwe zarahiye kuva Gnome 3, kubera ko Cinnamon yari ashingiye ku kode ya kode y'ikipure. Ariko, abaremwe ba Linux bat yongeyeho software ya poftware kugirango bagure imikorere yibidukikije. Cinnamon nta nenge yingenzi afite, usibye abakoresha bamwe bahura buri gihe hagaragara hagaragaye gutsindwa gato mukazi, bishobora kuba biterwa no gukoresha ibice bimwe cyangwa ibibazo mubikorwa bya sisitemu y'imikorere ubwayo.
Budgie.
Hariho ikwirakwizwa rizwi cyane. Isosiyete yabateza imbere ugereranije nurubuga rwishora mu guhanga no gushyigikira igishushanyo cya Budgie. Kubwibyo, ibidukikije bya desktop byashyizwe mubitekerezo bisanzwe. Yibanze cyane cyane muburyo bwiza no koroshya gukoresha abakoresha bashya. Nkibishingiwe muri Budgie, tekinoroji ya Gnome yafashwe, bituma bishoboka kwishyira hamwe nigice cyiki gishishwa. Ukwayo, ndashaka kuranga panene kuruhande. Binyuze muri yo, kwimurwa kuri menus zose, porogaramu nigenamiterere, kandi uhereye kuri ibi dushobora gufata umwanzuro ko igikona ari kimwe mubice birambuye cyane.
Muri 2019, verisiyo nshya ya BEGGIE iracyakozwe, aho ibintu bitandukanye birangizwa namakosa akosowe. Kurugero, muri verisiyo zabashya, ibisobanuro byihutirwa bya sisitemu y'imikorere akenshi biracyabaye, ariko ubu iki kibazo cyatanzwe neza. Kuva mubidukikije, urashobora kuranga umubare muto wa desktop igenamiterere hamwe numubare muto wo gukwirakwiza hamwe nibishishwa: ubu hari gecko linux, manja linux, manja linux, Solus na Ubuntu Budgie.
Kumurikirwa
Umushinga watose uhagaze nkumuyobozi widirishya. Kugeza ubu, hari ibice bitatu bifatika byibi shell: DR16 - uburyo buke bwibasiwe, DR17 ninteko ya nyuma ihamye hamwe na EFL (ubwoko bwumugaragaro bwo kubungabunga imirimo yinteko zavuzwe haruguru. Umuyobozi usuzumwa ntabwo afata umwanya munini wa disiki kandi yibanze kumikorere minini. Nibisanzwe muri Ukwezi, Bodhi Linux na Orangeu.
Mark Ndashaka kuvuga inzira yo gutegura, animasiyo yerekana ibintu byose byashushanyije, inkunga yateye imbere kuri desktop no kwerekana ibipimo byo kwiyandikisha mumashusho imwe yoroshye yo gusoma no gushushanya. Kubwamahirwe, itangiriro ryumurongo wumuyobozi ushinzwe idirishya kwishyurwa ntabwo rikubiyemo porogaramu nyinshi, bityo benshi muribo bagomba kwishyiriraho bigenga.
Icewm.
Mugihe cyo gukora icewm, abaterankunga bibanze ku gukoresha amafaranga make ya sisitemu hamwe na spoxible ya shell. Uyu muyobozi azaba amahitamo meza kubakoresha bashaka kwigenga kwerekana igenamiterere ryibidukikije binyuze muri dosiye. Kimwe mubiranga icewm nibishoboka byo kugenzura byoroshye bidahwitse udakoresheje imbeba ya mudasobwa.
Ifuww ntabwo ihuye nabakoresha no ushaka guhita yitegura gukora igikoma. Hano ugomba gushiraho ibintu byose intoki, ushireho dosiye zidasanzwe mububiko bwa ~ / .ibikoresho. Ibishushanyo byose byabakoresha bifite ubu bwoko:
- Menu - Ibikubiyemo n'imiterere;
- umwanyabikoresho - Ongeraho buto yo gutangira kumurongo;
- Ibyifuzo - Kugena ibipimo rusange byumuyobozi wa Window;
- Urufunguzo - Gushiraho inshoro za clavier;
- Gutsindira - Amategeko yo gucunga isaba;
- Gutangira ni dosiye iyobowe itangira iyo mudasobwa ifunguye.
Uyu munsi twasuzumye birambuye birambuye ibishishwa icyenda bishushanyije bishingiye kuri linux. Nibyo, uru rutonde ntirurangiye, kuko ubu hariho amashami atandukanye hamwe nibidukikije. Twagerageje kuvuga kubyiza kandi birakunzwe muri byo. Kwinjiza, mbere ya byose birasabwa guhitamo verisiyo yuzuye ya OS hamwe na Shell yashizwemo. Niba nta bishoboka ko bishoboka, amakuru yose akenewe yerekeye kwishyiriraho uburyo ari mubyangombwa byemewe kuri cyangwa platifomu ikoreshwa.