Firmware Lenovo A1000

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Firmware Lenovo A1000

Cov smartexolensive smartphones los ntawm Lenovo cov kab khoom, ntau tus neeg muag khoom ntawm lub hom tau nyiam. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem hauv pob nyiaj uas tau nce cov koob npe zoo los ntawm tus nqi ua tiav / tus yam ntxwv piv txwv yog Lenovo A1000 smartphone. Ib qho zoo raws li tag nrho cov apparatus, tab sis xav tau ib ntu hloov tshiab ntawm software thiab / lossis firmware thaum muaj qee tus tswv rau lub cuab yeej software ntawm lub cuab yeej.

Peb yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua nrog cov lus nug ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kho dua tus Lenovo A1000 firmware. Zoo li ntau lwm smartphones, cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem raug ntsia hauv ntau txoj kev. Xav txog peb txoj kev yooj yim, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau nkag siab tias rau kev siv tau thiab ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem, koj yuav tsum tau npaj ob lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej thiab cov cuab yeej tsim nyog.

Txhua tus neeg siv khoom ua nrog nws cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev pheej hmoo. Lub luag haujlwm rau ib qho teeb meem los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej thiab cov qauv no tsuas yog rau tus neeg siv rau cov kev tsis zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm tsis yog.

Txhim kho Lenovo A1000 tus tsav tsheb

Kev teeb tsa Lenovo A1000 cov tsav tsheb yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ua ntej, pem hauv ntej ntawm cov kev ntxias nrog software ntawm lub cuab yeej. Txawm hais tias koj siv PC rau nruab cov software mus rau hauv lub xov tooj smartphone, nws tsis tau npaj rau nruab cov tsav tsheb mus rau tus tswv lub computer ua ntej. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov cuab yeej npaj txhij rau kev rov kho lub cuab yeej yog tias muaj qee yam mus tsis raug, uas yuav ua tsis tau pib xov tooj.

  1. Disconnnect Cov digital kos npe digital kos npe hauv Windows. Qhov txheej txheem tseem ceeb no tau ua rau txhua kis thaum ua rau Lenovo A1000, thiab nws kev siv yog tsim nyog tsis kam cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej uas yog hauv kev pabcuam hom. Txhawm rau ua cov txheej txheem rau kev xiam oob qhab kos npe kos duab, peb ua raws cov kev txuas hauv qab no thiab ua cov lus qhia hauv cov lus.
  2. Zaj Lus Qhia: Lov tes taw Digital Tus Neeg Tsav Xwm Kos Npe

    Ib qho ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tsab xov xwm:

    Nyeem ntxiv: Peb daws cov teeb meem nrog pov thawj ntawm Digital Tus Neeg Tsav Tsheb Kos Npe

  3. Qhib lub ntaus ntawv thiab txuas nws rau USB chaw nres nkoj ntawm lub khoos phis tawm. Txhawm rau txuas, koj yuav tsum siv cov khoom zoo, zoo dua "rau Lenovo USB cable. Txuas cov khoom siv firmware yuav tsum tau nqa tawm mus rau lub motherboard, i.e. Rau ib qho ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj nyob sab nraum qab ntawm PC.
  4. Suav nrog hauv lub smartphone "debug los ntawm USB":
  • Ua li no, mus raws txoj kev "chaw" - "ntawm tus xov tooj" - "cov ntaub ntawv ntaus ntawv".
  • A1000 Chaw - Hais Txog Xov Tooj - IKE

  • Peb pom cov khoom "sib dhos" thiab kov nws 5 zaug ua ke kom txog thaum cov lus "koj tau dhau los ua tus tsim tawm" tshwm sim. Rov qab mus rau "Chaw" cov zaub mov thiab nrhiav ntu yav dhau los "rau cov neeg tsim khoom".
  • A1000 Los Ua Ke Tes Ua Si - Kev Loj Hlob Rau Kev Loj Hlob

  • Peb mus rau ntu no thiab nrhiav "debug ntawm USB" khoom. Rov qab hais txog cov lus sau "ua kom debug hom thaum txuas nrog USB computer" koj yuav tsum khij lub thawv. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais uas qhib, nyem lub "OK" khawm.

A1000 suav nrog debugging

  • Nruab USB tsav tsheb USB. Koj tuaj yeem rub tawm nws los ntawm kev siv:
  • Download tau USB Lenovo A1000 tsav tsheb

    • Txhawm rau nruab, unppack cov ntawv sau cia thiab khiav cov installer, uas qhia txog kev tawm siv OS. Lub installation yog tag nrho cov qauv, nyob rau hauv thawj lub qhov rais thiab tom ntej tsuas yog nias "tom ntej" khawm.
    • Autostander Drivers Divers Busb Pib

    • Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus neeg tsis tau npaj tseg thaum lub teeb tsa cov neeg tsav tsheb tau ceeb toom cov qhov rai. Hauv txhua ntawm lawv, nias lub pob nruab.
    • Thov Windows Kev Ruaj Ntseg

    • Thaum ua tiav ntawm cov installer, lub qhov rais yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas cov npe ntawm cov khoom ua tiav tau muab tso rau hauv cov khoom tiav. SOLO Daim Ntawv thiab Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv txhua yam khoom muaj yog tus zuam ntsuab, thiab nias lub pob "tiav".

    Tsav tsheb yoovb ua tiav

  • Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog lub installation ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb "firmware" Tsav - ADB, thauj nws los ntawm kev siv:
  • Download Tus Neeg Tsav Tsheb Adb Lenovo A1000

    • Adb tsav tsheb yuav tsum tau teeb tsa manually. Kaw lub smartphone, rub tawm thiab ntxig lub roj teeb rov qab. Qhib "Tus Thawj Tswj Ntaus Ntawv" thiab txuas lub xov tooj tau tua mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm lub koos pij tawj USB. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum ua kom sai heev - rau ib lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm "tus saib xyuas ntaus ntawv", "gadget serial" gunget serial " Cov cuab yeej yuav tshwm sim hauv "lwm yam khoom siv" lossis "S thiab Lpt Chaw nres nkoj", koj yuav tsum tau saib kom zoo. Ib qho ntxiv, cov khoom tuaj yeem yog lwm yam sib txawv los ntawm "lub npe sib txawv" yog - txhua yam nyob ntawm Windows version siv thiab yav dhau los nruab tsav tsheb pob khoom.
    • Nruab Nrab ntawm cov tsav tsheb

    • Tus neeg siv lub luag haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ntawm lub cuab yeej tshwm - mus ntes "ntes" nrog nws txoj cai nas nyem. Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov nco-down uas pom, xaiv cov khoom "hluav taws xob". Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom muaj sijhawm. Yog tias nws tsis ua haujlwm txij thawj zaug, peb rov hais dua: "Rov ua lub roj teeb" - Peb txuas rau USB - "ntes" lub cuab yeej hauv tus thawj tswj khoom siv.
    • Tus tsav tsheb adb sb-va unskilled

    • Hauv cov "hluav taws xob" qhib, mus rau "Tsav" tab thiab nyem lub khawm "hloov tshiab".
    • Txhim kho tus tsav tsheb adb sb sb-va hloov kho

    • Xaiv "khiav tus tsav tsheb hauv lub khoos phis tawm no."
    • Txhim Kho Cov Tsav Tsheb Yug Tus Tsav Tsheb

    • Nyem rau "Txheej txheem cej luam" Nyob ze ze ntawm qhov chaw "Tshawb nrhiav hauv lub thawv ntawv nrog cov tsav tsheb, thiab paub meej tias koj xaiv los ntawm nias lub" OK "khawm. Txoj hauv kev uas lub kaw lus yuav tshawb rau tus tsav tsheb tsim nyog yuav poob rau hauv "Tshawb nrhiav tsav tsheb". Thaum txhua yam ua tiav, nias lub pob "tom ntej.
    • Firmware Lenovo A1000 10572_12

    • Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pib, thiab tom qab ntawd tus tsav npav teeb tsa. Nyob rau hauv cov pop-up lub qhov rais ceeb toom lub qhov rais, nias thaj chaw "Teem tus tsav no txhua lub sijhawm.
    • Txhim kho adb qhia

    • Qhov rai kawg yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem teeb tsa. Txhim kho cov tsav tsheb tiav lawm, nias lub pob "Kaw".

    hloov tshiab adb tus neeg tsav tsheb tau zoo

    Lenovo A1000 Firmware Txoj Kev

    Lenovo sim ua raws li txoj sia ntawm lub neej mus rau lub neej ua haujlwm thiab tshem tawm yog tias tsis yog txhua qhov kev siv software yuam kev, ces tseem ceeb - kom paub meej. Rau hauv pab kiag li lawm, qhov no ua tiav siv OTA hloov tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej software uas tsis tu ncua los rau txhua tus neeg siv hauv Is Taws Nem thiab raug ntsia rau Android application "hloov tshiab system" hauv. Cov txheej txheem no dhau yuav luag tsis muaj txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tswv thiab nrog kev khaws cia ntawm cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv.

    Cov hau kev tau sib tham hauv qab no (tshwj xeeb yog 2 thiab 3) tso cai rau koj tsis tau hloov kho cov khoom siv hauv sab hauv, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los muaj nyob hauv cov ntu no. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej ua tiav rau kev siv cov khoom siv hauv qab no thiab cov hau kev, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los luam cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm lub xov tooj.

    Txoj Kev 1: Lenovo Tus Pab Smartant

    Yog tias muaj qee qhov hloov tshiab siv cov kev pab cuam Android "hloov tshiab" yog tsis muaj peev xwm siv cov lus Lenovo, cov chaw tsim khoom xa tawm hom tshuaj hluav taws xob los tswj cov khoom siv. Kev siv ntawm txoj kev txiav txim siab mus rau lub firmware nrog qhov yuam kev loj hauv lub system thiab tswj cov software hauv lub xeev hloov kho tshiab, txoj kev siv tau ntau. Koj tuaj yeem rub tawm txoj haujlwm los ntawm txoj saw hlau Los yog los ntawm lub xaib ntawm Lenovo.

    Download tau Lenovo ntse tus pab cuam los ntawm lub chaw haujlwm ntawm Lenovo

    1. Thauj khoom thiab nruab rau daim ntawv thov. Kev teeb tsa yog kiag li tus qauv thiab tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, koj tsuas yog xav tau los khiav cov installer thiab ua raws li nws cov lus qhia.
    2. Lenovo Smart Assistant nruab ntxiv

    3. Qhov kev pab cuam yog ntsia tau sai heev thiab yog tias tso tawm lub program program tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais kawg, ces pib tsis txawm tias qhov chaw kaw ntawm lub qhov rai installer, nws yog txaus kom nias lub "tiav" khawm. Txwv tsis pub, peb pib Lenovo ntse Assistant siv txoj kev luv luv ntawm desktop.
    4. Lenovo Smart Assstopant Installation Ua tiav

    5. TAM SIM NTAWD TAM SIM NTIAJ TAM SIM NO LUB TSWV YIM DAIM NTAWV THOV, THIAB RAU HAUV NWS - qhov kev thov hloov kho cov khoom siv. Tus neeg xaiv xaiv tsis muab, nyem "OK", thiab tom qab rub tawm cov hloov tshiab - "Nruab".
    6. Lenovo Smart Assistant hloov

    7. Tom qab hloov kho cov version ntawm cov programme, plugins tau hloov kho. Nws tseem yooj yim heev ntawm no, - nias lub "OK" thiab "khawm" hauv txhua lub qhov rai pop-up ua ntej cov lus "hloov tshiab ua tiav!".
    8. Firmware Lenovo A1000 10572_18

    9. Thaum kawg, cov txheej txheem npaj ua tiav tiav thiab koj tuaj yeem pib txuas cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau hloov kho. Xaiv "Updon ROM" tab thiab txuas A1000 nrog USB Debugging rau ntawm tus qauv PC sib txuas. Qhov kev zov me nyuam yuav pib txhais tau cov qauv hauv smartphone thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab thaum kawg nws yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev hloov tshiab, yog tias nws muaj nyob hauv kev muaj tiag. Nyem "hloov ROM",

      Firmware Lenovo A1000 10572_19

      Peb saib xyuas lub firmware lo ntsuas, tom qab ntawd tos kom txog thaum tus txheej txheem hloov tshiab tiav hauv hom tsis siv neeg.

      Lenovo Smart Assistant Download ROM

      Tom qab rub tawm cov ntawv hloov tshiab, lub smartphone yuav rov pib dua thiab ua rau cov haujlwm tsim nyog. Cov txheej txheem kav ntev ntev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua lub siab ntev thiab tos rub tawm rau ib qho hloov tshiab hauv xov tooj.

    10. A1000 system hloov tshiab installation

    11. Yog tias A1000 tsis tau hloov kho rau lub sijhawm ntev, kauj ruam dhau los yuav tau hais ntau zaus - lawv tus lej xov tooj los ntawm cov zis ntawm lub xov tooj. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tiav tom qab Lenovo cov ntawv qhia ntse uas yog qhov tseeb firmware version tau muab ntsia hauv lub xov tooj smartphone.

    Lenovo Smart Assistant hloov tshiab ROM ua tiav

    Txoj kev 2: Rov qab

    Txhim kho cov firmware los ntawm kev rov qab tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab txawm tias muaj lub PC, tshwj tsis yog kev luam cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog. Txoj kev no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau, vim nws qhov kev txheeb ze yooj yim thiab ua haujlwm siab. Daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev no tuaj yeem pom zoo rau kev yuam tawm ntawm cov hloov tshiab, nrog rau cov neeg smartphone yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub xov tooj ua haujlwm tsis raug.

    Peb thauj cov firmware rau kev rov qab los ntawm kev siv:

    Download tau firmware rau rov qab Smartphone A1000

    1. Lub resulting cov ntaub ntawv * .zip. Tsis txhob sau cia! Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog yuav hloov pauv nws rau Hloov tshiab.Zip. Thiab luam daim npav nco rau lub hauv paus. MicroD daim npav nrog cov tau ZIP file tso rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Mus rau txoj kev rov qab.
    2. A1000_inter hauv kev rov qab zoo

      Ua li no, ntawm lub smartphone muab tua, ib txhij clamp lub "ntim-" thiab "lub zog" khawm. Tom qab ntawd, cia tom qab ob peb feeb, nyem lub "ntim" khawm, thiab tsis txhob tso ob tus yuam sij yav dhau los, thiab khaws txhua peb tus yuam sij ua ntej cov khoom rov qab tshwm sim.

      A1000 rov qab.

    3. Ua ntej nqa tawm cov kev nqis tes ua nrog software, nws yog qhov pom zoo tshaj plaws kom tiav lub smartphone los ntawm cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseem ceeb. Qhov no yuav tshem tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm Lenovo A1000 tus tswv, los ntawm lub cim xeeb sab hauv, yog li tsis hnov ​​qab saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

      Xaiv cov khoom "so cov ntaub ntawv / Hoobkas pib dua", txav raws li kev rov qab siv "thiab" cov khoom siv, paub meej tias cov kev xaiv los ntawm nias "tig mus rau" tus yuam sij ". Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau tib txoj kev - qhov khoom "yog - rho tawm txhua tus neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv", thiab soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv neeg siv ", thiab soj ntsuam kev tawm ntawm cov lus sau ua tiav kev ua tiav ntawm cov lus txib. Thaum ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem, kev hloov mus rau lub vijtsam tseem ceeb ntawm kev rov zoo siab tau txais.

    4. A1000 So cov ntaub ntawv pib dua

    5. Tom qab tu lub kaw lus, koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub teeb tsa ntawm cov firmware. Xaiv cov "hloov tshiab ntawm sab nraud cia" khoom, paub meej, thiab xaiv "hloov tshiab.Zip". Tom qab nias lub "Fais fab" tus yuam sij, tsis tuaj yeem pib paub meej tias muaj cov firmware muaj, thiab tom qab ntawd txhim kho cov software pob.

      Cov txheej txheem kav ntev ntev, tab sis nws yog ib qho yuav tsum tau tos nws ua tiav. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom cuam tshuam lub installation!

    6. A1000 txhim kho hloov tshiab.

    7. Tom qab cov inscription "nruab ntawm SDCard tiav" tshwm, xaiv cov "reboot system tam sim no" khoom. Tom qab reboot thiab ib qho txheej txheem tshiab pib, peb poob rau hauv cov hloov tshiab thiab huv si, zoo li yog lub smartphone tau tig mus thawj zaug.

    A1000 tom qab firmware

    Txoj Kev 3: Tshawb nrhiav

    Lub Lenovo A1000 Firmware, siv cov kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb yog suav tias yog qhov kev tshaj lij tshaj plaws. Lub software nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, txawm tias qhov yooj yim zoo li yooj yim, yog ib qho cuab yeej siv haib dua thiab nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los siv nws nrog qee qhov ceeb toom. Pom zoo cov qauv no rau cov neeg siv uas twb tau sim nyem tus xov tooj ntawm lwm txoj kev, nrog rau cov teeb meem software loj nrog cov cuab yeej.

    Ua haujlwm, koj yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv firmware thiab cov kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej. Peb thauj cov kev txuas koj xav tau hauv qab thiab tsis tsim mus rau hauv cov ntawv sau cais.

    Download tau tshawb nrhiav firmware rau Lenovo A1000

    Rub tawm Lenovo A1000 Qhov Kev Pab Cuam Firmware

    1. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawm cov txheej txheem, nws yog ntshaw kom disable antivirus software. Peb yuav tsis nres ntawm qhov no nyob rau hauv cov ncauj lus, kev txiav tawm ntawm nrov antivirus tau piav qhia meej hauv cov lus:
    2. Lov tes hluav taws antivirus avast

      Yuav ua li cas tig tawm Kaspersky Anti-Tus Kab Mob rau ib pliag

      Yuav ua li cas lov tes taw avira antivirus rau ib pliag

    3. Peb tsim USB thiab ADB tsav yog tias lawv tsis tau nruab ua ntej (yuav ua li cas ua nws, tau piav qhia saum toj no).
    4. Khiav txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb. Daim ntawv thov tsis tas yuav teeb tsa, los pib nws, mus rau hauv daim nplaub tshev nrog cov program thiab muab nyem ob npaug rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Tshawb nrhiav.exe..
    5. Kev Tshawb Fawb Tua Tawm

    6. Ua ntej peb yog lub qhov rais pab Ascete lub qhov rai. Nyob rau sab sauv kaum, lub khawm iav yog muaj - "pob ntawv thauj khoom". Nrog rau lub pob no, cov ntaub ntawv firmware yog xaiv, uas yuav tom qab raug ntsia hauv lub xov tooj smartphone, nias nws.
    7. Tshawb nrhiav qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws

    8. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais pehawm uas qhib, mus raws qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv firmware thiab xaiv cov ntawv nrog txuas ntxiv * .pac Cov. Nias lub "Qhib" khawm.
    9. Tshawb nrhiav xaiv cov ntaub ntawv firmware

    10. Cov txheej txheem ntawm unppacking lub firmware pib, qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau raug cai ntawm cov haujlwm, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub qhov rais. Koj yuav tsum tau tos me ntsis.
    11. Tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv kho tsis tau

    12. Txog ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov lus tsis tau hais tias cov lus sau - lub npe ntawm cov firmware thiab cov version, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub qhov rais, rau sab xis ntawm cov nyees khawm. Kev npaj txhij ntawm txoj haujlwm rau cov neeg siv hauv qab no tau qhia los ntawm "npaj" lub cim qis dua.
    13. Tshawb nrhiav npaj

    14. Peb ntseeg tias lub smartphone tsis txuas nrog Rau lub khoos phis tawm thiab nyem rau "Pib rub tawm" khawm.
    15. Kev tshawb nrhiav khawm

    16. Kaw lub A1000, tig lub roj teeb, clamp lub ntim "ntim thiab khawm thiab tuav nws cia, txuas lub xov tooj ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm USB.
    17. Cov txheej txheem firmware pib, raws li "rub tawm ..." hais tias nyob rau hauv "xwm txheej", raws li cov kev ua tau zoo ua tiav. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem firmware yuav siv sijhawm li 10-15 feeb.
    18. Tshawb nrhiav kev nce qib

      Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj rooj plaub tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm chaw thau khoom software hauv lub smartphone! Txawm hais tias nws zoo li tias qhov kev zov me nyuam tau dai, tsis txhob txiav tawm A1000 los ntawm Yelb Chaw nres nkoj thiab tsis nias cov nyees khawm rau nws!

    19. Kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem qhia txog cov xwm txheej "ua tiav" nyob rau hauv daim teb sib haum, nrog rau cov lus sau ntawm Green Xim: "Dhau" hauv "Kev nce qib" Teb.
    20. Kev tshawb fawb ua tiav tiav

    21. Nyem rau "Nres Downloading" khawm thiab kaw qhov kev pab cuam.
    22. Kev Tshawb Fawb Nres Nres khawm

    23. Kaw lub ntaus ntawv los ntawm USB, "hloov" roj teeb thiab khiav lub xov tooj ntawm lub zog. Thawj zaug tshaj tawm ntawm Lenovo A1000 tom qab cov kev ua dhau los yog ntev heev, koj yuav tsum ua siab ntev thiab tos Android downloads. Yog tias lub firmware tau ua tiav peb tau txais lub xov tooj hauv lub thawv "tawm ntawm lub thawv" xeev, tsawg kawg hauv phiaj xwm phiaj xwm.

    Tag

    Yog li, qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub Lenovo A1000 smartphone tuaj yeem nqa tawm txawm tias cov neeg siv tau npaj tau tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsuas yog ua kom txhua yam ua tib zoo xav ua raws cov kauj ruam ntawm cov lus qhia, tsis txhob maj thiab tsis ua cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem.

    Nyeem ntxiv